Fig. 6

Prevalence of churches and grocery stores with increased numbers of visitors and visitation patterns in 2019 and 2020. Scatter plot of different states based on their increase in visits to essential services as well as whether the state had a stay-at-home order in place before March 29th [52]. These are specific grocery stores or churches who had an increase in visits comparing the first and last week of March. The horizontal axis shows the fraction of churches with an increase in number of visits, and the vertical axis shows the fraction of grocery stores with an increase in number of visits. There is a positive correlation between both but not clear distinction with local policy, suggesting that the phenomenon is related to the local distribution of services and behavior of the local population. Right hand panels show the mean numbers of visitors for grocery stores and gyms (top panels) and the mean distance traveled (bottom panels). While visits and distance traveled both decreased for grocery stores―as would be expected from movement restrictions in place―most states saw increases in visits in 20% to 40% of grocery stores with the remainder driving the decrease. Visits to gyms also dropped drastically, but must like churches, with an associated and sizeable increase in the distance traveled