Development and application of the Demands for Population Health Interventions (Depth) framework for categorising the agentic demands of population health interventions

Table 2 Matrix classification and intervention examples for Depth framework constructs

Exposure	Engagement	Mechanism of action ^a
		Socio-cultural	Cognitive	Financial	Physical environmental	Biomedical
Active	Active	< 1% (n = 1) Example: Group nutrition education	18% (n = 21) Example: Online self-monitoring of fruit and vegetable intake	2% (n = 2) Example: Free bus pass for older adults	< 1% (n = 1) Example: Afterschool physical activity provision	0% (n = 0)
Active	Passive	0% (n = 0) Example: Choosing to move to town with strong cycling culture	0% (n = 0) Example: Sign up to receive SMS aiming to change individual beliefs on importance of healthy diet	0% (n = 0) Example: Provision of food vouchers that cannot be used to purchase HFSS food	< 1% (n = 1) Example: Installing online HFSS ad blocker	0% (n = 0) Example: Semaglutide drug to suppress appetite and reduce food consumption
Passive	Active	12% (n = 14) Example: Girl scout troop leader joins in with group physical activities	37% (n = 42) Example: Educational material within existing church bulletin	3% (n = 3) Example: Implementation of SSB tax increases monetary cost	11% (n = 13) Example: Provision of free fruit at lunch time ^b	0% (n = 0)
Passive	Passive	0% (n = 0) Example: SSB tax signals SSBs considered unhealthy	2% (n = 2) Example: Provision of fruit at lunch time ^b	0% (n = 0) Example: Car parking charges in workplace	13% (n = 15) Example: Restrict sugar sweetened beverage portion sizes in schools	0% (n = 0) Example: Fluoridation of tap water

n number of intervention component-recipient combinations identified in each category in step 3 (framework application). % Percentage of component-recipient combinations identified in each cell compared to total number identified (n = 115). Examples, identified from framework application or author knowledge
HFSS high fat, salt and sugar, SSB sugar-sweetened beverage
^aMultiple mechanisms of action possible within a single intervention component. Some examples may be classified under multiple mechanisms, e.g. group nutrition education also operates by cognitive mechanisms
^bIntervention authors note two mechanisms of action: (1) increased availability of fruit (physical environmental) and (2) repeated exposure lead to changes in individual preferences (cognitive)

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